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- EDUCATION, Page 48The Big Shift in School FinanceA Texas case reignites a national debate over funding inequities
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- Residents of the Edgewood Independent school district, a poor,
- largely Hispanic area in west San Antonio, are willing to pay for
- good schools. Property taxes are high -- almost $1 per $100 of
- assessed valuation. But because the district encompasses part of
- a tax-exempt Air Force base and lacks tony subdivisions, the tax
- rate translates into $3,596 per student. In the Santa Gertrude
- school district, located on the oil-rich King Ranch in south Texas,
- property taxes are low -- only 8 cents per $100 of assessed
- valuation -- but the total spent per student is $12,000.
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- Disparities such as these prompted the Texas Supreme Court last
- week to declare the state's method of school finance
- unconstitutional. In a 9-to-0 decision, the court said the wide
- gaps between the richest and the poorest of Texas' 1,071 districts
- violate a provision of the state constitution requiring an
- "efficient" education. Funneling resources to poorer districts
- would reduce some of these differences. But money alone is not
- enough. What Texas schools need, said the court, is an overhaul.
- "A Band-Aid will not suffice," said Justice Oscar H. Mauzy. "The
- system itself must be changed."
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- The Texas decision, which affects the nation's second largest
- school system after California, is sure to breathe new life into
- the struggle for more uniform school financing around the country.
- But by calling for a basic shift in the way schools operate, the
- court changed the terms of the debate, emphasizing that inequities
- in funding are linked to inequities in the quality of education.
-
- The decision came less than a week after President George Bush
- and the nation's Governors huddled in Charlottesville, Va., for an
- education summit that endorsed several of the same ideas -- radical
- restructuring of schools and creation of national performance
- goals. "The Texas ruling is consistent with the growing national
- expectations we are placing on schools," says Robert Berne, an
- associate dean at New York University.
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- The push for uniform goals is relatively recent, however, while
- the movement for uniform financing is more than two decades old.
- Since 1973, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that equal access to
- education is not a fundamental right under the federal
- Constitution, at least ten states have seen their school-financing
- systems overturned under state-constitution provisions. In June the
- Kentucky Supreme Court struck down that state's financing methods,
- ordering the legislature not only to equalize spending but also to
- reorganize "the whole gamut of the common-school system."
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- Such moves indicate that the once sacred principle of local
- control is rapidly going the way of McGuffey's Reader. "This nation
- was intensely committed to the idea that each district should be
- run by school boards unrelated to larger national purposes," says
- Ernest Boyer, president of the Carnegie Foundation for the
- Advancement of Teaching. "Now we are moving toward the issue of how
- national interests can be served."
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- Besides addressing broader goals, smoothing out financial
- differences could make "choice" -- a policy permitting parents to
- move their children from schools they do not like to ones they do
- -- more palatable to critics. Until now, the chief complaint has
- been that choice encourages parents to abandon poor inner-city
- schools. If every school got roughly the same funding, parents
- could make judgments based on nonmonetary concerns, and failing
- schools would have the resources to improve.
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- At week's end Texas Governor Bill Clements and other state
- leaders were getting ready to appoint a special study group to
- prepare proposals for the legislature, which must come up with a
- new school-financing plan by May 1, 1990. Everything from a hike
- in state sales and tobacco taxes to a first-ever state income tax
- is expected to be on the table. Similar cases are pending in
- Alaska, Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana, Oregon, Tennessee and New
- Jersey. These efforts to equalize spending within states, however,
- may be just warm-ups for a far more radical notion: equalizing
- spending between states, a move some educators now consider
- inevitable.